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Rāja yoga () is a term with a variety of meanings depending on the context.〔 In Sanskrit texts Raja yoga refers to the goal of yoga (which is usually samadhi) and not a method of attaining it. Classical tantric texts use the term raja yoga to refer to the consumption of sexual emissions in their practices. The term also became a modern retronym, when in the 19th-century Swami Vivekananda equated raja yoga with the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali.〔〔Swami Vivekananda, Raja Yoga, ISBN 978-1500746940〕 Rāja yoga is sometimes branded as or referred to as "royal yoga", "royal union", "sahaj marg", "classical yoga" and "aṣṭānga yoga". Many of these are different practices from each other and from the historical concept of Raja yoga.〔 ==Etymology and usage== Rāja (Sanskrit: राज) means "chief, best of its kind" or "king".〔(rAja ) Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany〕 Rāja yoga thus refers to "chief, best of yoga". The historical use of the term ''Rāja yoga'' is found in other contexts, quite different than its modern usage. In ancient and medieval Sanskrit texts, it meant the highest state of yoga practice (one reaching ''samadhi''). Hatha Yoga Pradipika, for example, refers to Hathayoga as one of the ways to achieve Rāja yoga. The first known use of the phrase "Rāja yoga" occurs in a 16th-century commentary on a specific step in Patanjali's ''Yogasūtras''.〔 Alain Daniélou states that ''Rāja yoga'' was, in the historic literature of Hinduism, one of five known methods of yoga, with the other four being ''Hatha yoga'', ''Mantra yoga'', ''Laya yoga'' and ''Shiva yoga''.〔Alain Daniélou (1991), Yoga: Mastering the Secrets of Matter and the Universe, ISBN 978-0892813018, Chapters 1-12〕 Daniélou translates it as "Royal way to reintegration of Self with Universal Self (Brahman)". This version of ''Raja yoga'' has the same names for eight main steps, but each step is significantly different in details than either Hatha Yoga or those described in Yoga sutras of Patanjali.〔Alain Daniélou (1991), Yoga: Mastering the Secrets of Matter and the Universe, ISBN 978-0892813018, pages 90-96〕 The Hindu scholar Dattatreya, in his medieval era Tantric work named "Yogasastra", explains in 334 shlokas, principles of four yoga: Mantra yoga, Hatha yoga, Laya yoga and Raja yoga.〔Antonio Rigopoulos (1998), Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791436967, page 62〕 The term also became a modern retronym, when in the 19th-century Swami Vivekananda equated raja yoga with the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali.〔〔 This sense of meaning is different from ''Hatha Yoga Pradipika'', a text of the Natha sampradaya, where it is a different practice. Similarly, Brahma Kumaris, a recent religious movement, globally markets "Rāja yoga" that has very little to do with either the precepts of Hatha Yoga or Patanjali's ''Yoga Sutras''.〔Jason Birch (2013), Råjayoga: The Reincarnations of the King of All Yogas, ''International Journal of Hindu Studies'', Volume 17, Issue 3, pages 401–444〕 Modern interpretations and literature that discusses ''Raja yoga'' often credits ''Yogasūtras'' as its textual source, but many neither adopt the teachings nor the philosophical foundations of the Yoga school of Hinduism.〔Jason Birch (2013), Råjayoga: The Reincarnations of the King of All Yogas, ''International Journal of Hindu Studies'', Volume 17, Issue 3, page 404-406〕 Raja yoga is sometimes also branded as or referred to as "royal yoga", "royal union", "sahaj marg", "classical yoga" and "aṣṭānga yoga"; many of these, however, are different practices and have little to do with Yoga philosophy of Patanjali.〔 In some modern literature, Raja yoga is considered one of the four paths〔The other three are: Jnana yoga, Karma yoga and Bhakti yoga. See: (Yoga in Hinduism - Ways to the Goal )〕 to spirituality within Yoga philosophy of Hinduism.〔(Yoga in Hinduism - Ways to the Goal ) Oriental Philosophy, Lander University (2011)〕 This mixing of concepts, has led to confusion in understanding historical and modern Indian literature on Yoga, particularly when the term ''Raja yoga'' is used. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rāja yoga」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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